Research Papers

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

 

 

 

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[2009]

[1] Ken-ichi Amano, Takashi Yoshidome, Yuichi Harano, Koji Oda, and Masahiro Kinoshita,

“Theoretical analysis on thermal stability of a protein focused on the water entropy”,

Chemical Physics Letters, 474, 190-194 (2009).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.04.025

 

[2] Hiraku Oshima, Takashi Yoshidome, Ken-ichi Amano, and Masahiro Kinoshita,

 “A theoretical analysis on characteristics of protein structures induced by cold denaturation”,

 Journal of Chemical Physics, 131, 205102 (2009).

DOI: 10.1063/1.3265985

*Selected as: Virtual Journal of Biological Research, 18, Issue 11 (2009)

 

 

 [2010]

[3] Ken-ichi Amano and Masahiro Kinoshita,

 “Entropic insertion of a big sphere into a cylindrical vessel”,

 Chemical Physics Letters, 488, 1-6 (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.01.059

*Selected as “editor’s choice” and “the cover picture”.

*Registered in Kyoto University Research Information Repository (KURENAI).

 

[4] Ken-ichi Amano, Takashi Yoshidome, Mitsuhiro Iwaki, Makoto Suzuki, and Masahiro Kinoshita,

 “Entropic potential field formed for a linear-motor protein near a filament: Statistical-mechanical analysis using simple models”,

 Journal of Chemical Physics, 133, 045103 (2010).

DOI: 10.1063/1.3462279

*Selected as: JCP BioChemical Physics, July (2010)

*Selected as: Virtual Journal of Biological Physics Research, August (2010)

*Registered in Kyoto University Research Information Repository (KURENAI).

 

[5] Ken-ichi Amano, Daisuke Miyazaki, Liew Fong Fong, Paul Hilscher, and Taro Sonobe,

 “Temperature control technology by heat capacity change upon lock and key binding”

 Physics Letters A, 375, 165-169 (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.physleta.2010.10.041

*Registered in Kyoto University Research Information Repository (KURENAI).

 

 

[2011]

[6] Ken-ichi Amano, Hiraku Oshima, and Masahiro Kinoshita,

 “An efficient method for analyzing conformational properties of a polymer in solvent”,

 Chemical Physics Letters, 504, 7-12 (2011).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.01.044   (Correction: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.04.008)

*Selected as “editor’s choice”.

*Registered in Kyoto University Research Information Repository (KURENAI).

 

[7] Ken-ichi Amano and Masahiro Kinoshita,

 “Model of insertion and release of a large solute into and from a biopolymer complex”,

 Chemical Physics Letters, 504, 221-224 (2011).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.01.066

 

[8] Ken-ichi Amano, Hiraku Oshima, and Masahiro Kinoshita,

 “Potential of mean force between a large solute and a biomolecular complex: A model analysis on protein flux through chaperonin system”,

 Journal of Chemical Physics, 135, 185101 (2011).

DOI: 10.1063/1.3657856

 *Selected as: Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology, November (2011)

 *Selected as: Virtual Journal of Biologocal Physics Research, November (2011)

 

 

[2012]

[9] Ken-ichi Amano,

 “Theoretical study of solvent-mediated Ising-like systems: One-dimensional version”,

 Physica A, 391, 4615-4623 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2012.05.059

 

[10] Kazuhiro Fukami, Ryo Koda, Tetsuo Sakka, Tomoko Urata, Ken-ichi Amano, Hikaru Takaya, Masaharu Nakamura, Yukio Ogata, and Masahiro Kinoshita,

 “Platinum electrodeposition in porous silicon: The influence of surface solvation effects on a chemical reaction in a nanospace”,

Chemical Physics Letters, 542, 99-105 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.05.078

 

[11] 天野健一,

 シャペロニンGroELによる基質タンパク質の挿入と放出のメカニズムの解明:溶媒和の観点から”,

分子シミュレーション研究会会誌アンサンブル”, 14 (4), 196-202, (2012).

 

 [arXiv] Ken-ichi Amano, Kazuhiro Suzuki, Takeshi Fukuma, and Hiroshi Onishi,

 “Relation between a force curve measured on a solvated surface and the solvation structure: Relational expressions for a binary solvent and a molecular liquid”,

 arXiv:1212.6138 (2012).

 

 

[2013]

[12] Hirokazu Mishima, Hiraku Oshima, Satoshi Yasuda, Ken-ichi Amano, and Masahiro Kinoshita,

 “Entropic release of a big sphere from a cylindrical vessel”,

   Chemical Physics Letters, 561-562, 159-165 (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.01.045

 

[13] Ken-ichi Amano, Kazuhiro Suzuki, Takeshi Fukuma, Ohgi Takahashi, and Hiroshi Onishi,

“The Relationship between Local Liquid Density and Force Applied on a Tip of Atomic Force Microscope: a Theoretical Analysis for Simple Liquids”

Journal of Chemical Physics, 139, 224710 (2013).

DOI: 10.1063/1.4839775

*The theoretical derivation is written in arXiv:1212.1888 (2012).

 

[14] Hirokazu Mishima, Hiraku Oshima, Satoshi Yasuda, Ken-ichi Amano, and Masahiro Kinoshita,

 “On the physics of multidrug efflux through a biomolecular complex”,

   Journal of Chemical Physics, 139, 205102 (2013).

DOI: 10.1063/1.4832896

 

 

[2014]

 [15] Ken-ichi Amano and Ohgi Takahashi,

“Inverse calculation of three-dimensional solvation structure on an arbitrary surface from a force distribution measured by liquid AFM”,

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 490, 012162 (2014).

DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/490/1/012162

*The theoretical derivation is written in arXiv:1305.3967 (2013).

 

 

[2015]

 [16] Ken-ichi Amano and Ohgi Takahashi,

“Simple transform methods of a force curve obtained by surface force apparatus to the density distribution of a liquid near a surface”

Physica A, 425, 79-89 (2015).

DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2015.01.039

*The theoretical derivation is written in arXiv:1307.0942 (2013).

*Registered in Kyoto University Research Information Repository (KURENAI).

 

[17] Seiji Katakura, Naoya Nishi, Kazuya Kobayashi, Ken-ichi Amano, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Surface structure of quaternary ammonium based ionic liquid studied using molecular dynamics simulation”,

Bunseki Kagaku, 64 (2015) 219-224.

片倉誠士、西 直哉、小林和弥、天野健一、作花哲夫、

分子動力学シミュレーションによる四級アンモニウム系イオン液体の表面構造の研究”,

分析化学, 64(3) 219-224 (2015)

DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.64.219

 

[arXiv] Ken-ichi Amano,

 “Measuring method of a surface property inside the pore: Application of Kelvin's equation”,

arXiv:1504.01114 (2015).

 

[18] Ken-ichi Amano, Eisuke Tanaka, Kazuya Kobayashi, Hiroshi Onishi, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Force measurement reveals structure of a confined liquid: Observation of the impenetrable space”

Surface Science, 641, 242-246 (2015).

DOI: 10.1016/j.susc.2015.07.021

*The theoretical derivation is written in arXiv: 1408.2730 (2014).

 

[19] Ayumu Matsumoto, Ayaka Tamura, Takaya Honda, Tsuyoshi Hirota, Kazuya Kobayashi, Seiji Katakura, Naoya Nishi, Ken-ichi Amano, Kazuhiro Fukami, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Transfer of the species dissolved in a liquid into laser ablation plasma: An approach using emission spectroscopy”,

Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119, 26506−26511 (2015).

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07769

 

 

[2016]

[20] Ryohei Hara, Ken-ichi Amano, Masahiro Kinoshita, and Akira Yoshimori,

“Dynamics of the entropic insertion of a large sphere into a cylindrical vessel”,

Journal of Chemical Physics, 144, 105103 (2016).

DOI: 10.10163/1.4943394

 

[21] Tatsuya Kakinami, Naoya Nishi, Ken-ichi Amano, Tetsuo Sakka,

“Preparation of dendric gold nanofibers using a redox reaction at the interface between an ionic liquid and water: Correlation between viscosity and nanostructure”,

Bunseki Kagaku, 65 (2016) 157-161.

柿並達也、西 直哉、天野健一、作花哲夫、

イオン液体|水界面における酸化還元反応を利用する金の樹枝状ナノファイバーの合成:粘度とナノ構造の相関の検討”,

分析化学, 65(3) 157-161 (2016)

DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.65.157

 

[22] Keisuke Miyazawa, Naritaka Kobayashi, Matthew Watkins, Alexander L. Shluger,
Ken-ichi Amano, and Takeshi Fukuma,

“A relationship between three-dimensional surface hydration structures and force distribution measured by atomic force microscopy”,

Nanoscale, 8, 7334-7342 (2016).

DOI: 10.1039/C5NR08092D

 

[23] Kazuya Kobayashi, Yunfeng Liang, Ken-ichi Amano, Sumihiko Murata, Toshifumi Matsuoka, Satoru Takahashi, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Molecular dynamics simulation of atomic force microscopy at water-muscovite interface: hydration layer structure and AFM force”,

Langmuir, 32, 3608-3616 (2016).

DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04277

 

[24] Ken-ichi Amano, Yunfeng Liang, Keisuke Miyazawa, Kazuya Kobayashi, Kota Hashimoto, Kazuhiro Fukami, Naoya Nishi, Tetsuo Sakka, Hiroshi Onishi, and Takeshi Fukuma,

“Number density distribution of solvent molecules on a substrate: 

A transform theory for atomic force microscopy”,

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18, 15534-15544 (2016).

DOI: 10.1039/C6CP00769D   (Correction: 10.1039/c6cp90175a)

*Selected as the front cover.

*Announced on a home page of Kyoto University.

*The theoretical derivation is written in arXiv: 1505.04360 (2015).

 

[25] Ken-ichi Amano, Mitsuhiro Iwaki, Kota Hashimoto, Kazuhiro Fukami, Naoya Nishi, Ohgi Takahashi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Number density distribution of small particles around a large particle: structural analysis of a colloidal suspension”,

Langmuir, 32, 11063−11070 (2016).

DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02628

*The theoretical derivations are written in arXiv:1505.03139 (2015) & arXiv:1505.04263 (2015) .

 

[arXiv] Ken-ichi Amano, Kota Hashimoto, and Ryosuke Sawazumi,

 “Conversion of a force curve between chemically the same surfaces into the number density distribution of the particles on the surface using a structure factor”,

 arXiv:1612.07114 (2016).

 

 

[2017]

[26] Kazuya Kobayashi, Yunfeng Liang, Sumihiko Murata, Toshifumi Matsuoka, Satoru Takahashi, Ken-ichi Amano, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Stability evaluation of cation bridging on muscovite surface for improved description of ion-specific wettability alteration ”,

Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121, 9273−9281 (2017).

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b12116

 

[27] Tetsuo Sakka, Shinji Yamashita, Ken-ichi Amano, Naoya Nishi,

“Vibration of Water Sessile Drops in Various Oils”,

Chemistry Letters, 46, 1337-1340 (2017).

DOI: 10.1246/cl.170529

 

[28] Ken-ichi Amano, Yasuyuki Yokota, Takashi Ichii, Norio Yoshida, Naoya Nishi, Seiji Katakura, Akihito Imanishi, Ken-ichi Fukui, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Relationship between force curve measured by atomic force microscopy in ionic liquid and its density distribution on a substrate”,

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 19, 30504-30512 (2017).

DOI: 10.1039/C7CP06948K   

*The related theoretical explanation (solvent tip approximation for a binary solvent) is written in arXiv:1212.6138 (2012).

 

 

[2018]

[29] Naoya Nishi, Ikumi Yajima, Ken-ichi Amano, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Janus-type gold/polythiophene composites formed via redox reaction at the ionic liquid|water interface”,

Langmuir, 34, 2441–2447 (2018).

DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03792

 

[30] Ken-ichi Amano, Tomohiko Hayashi, Kota Hashimoto, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Potential of mean force between spherical particles in an ionic liquid and its decomposition into energetic and entropic components: An analysis using an integral equation theory”,

Journal of Molecular Liquid, 257, 121–131 (2018).

DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.089

*Announced on a home page of Institute of Advanced Energy (Kyoto University).

 

[31] 天野健一 and 石原平,

 “コロイド粒子らの試料表面上における密度分布の分析理論と実験への適用”、

日本化学会 コロイドおよび界面化学部会会誌“コロイドおよび界面化学部会ニュースレター” (C & I Commun), 43, 34-36 (2018).

 

[32] Ken-ichi Amano, Taira Ishihara, Kota Hashimoto, Naoyuki Ishida, Kazuhiro Fukami, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

Stratification of colloidal particles on a surface: Study by a colloidal probe atomic force microscopy combined with a transform theory”,

Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 122, 4592-4599 (2018).

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01082

*The related theoretical explanation is written in arXiv:1712.07318 (2017).

 

[33] Yu Zhang, Naoya Nishi, Ken-ichi Amano, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“One-dimensional Pt nanofibers formed by the redox reaction at the ionic liquid|water interface”,

Electrochimica Acta, 282, 886-891 (2018).

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.024

 

 

[2019]

[34] Seiji Katakura, Naoya Nishi, Kazuya Kobayashi, Ken-ichi Amano, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Surface Structure of Quaternary Ammonium-Based Ionic Liquids Studied Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation: Effect of Switching the Length of Alkyl Chains”,

Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123, 7246-7258 (2019).

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00799

*Selected as the supplementary cover art.

 

[35] Kota Hashimoto, Ken-ichi Amano, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Integral equation theory based method to determine number density distribution of colloidal particles near a substrate using a force curve from colloidal probe atomic force microscopy”,

Journal of Molecular Liquids, 294, 111584 (2019).

DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111584

*The primitive theory of OZ-closure based inverse analysis is written in arXiv:1209.0303 (2012).

*The theory of OZ-closure based inverse analysis is written in arXiv:1702.02720 (2017).

 

[36] Satoshi Furukawa, Ken-ichi Amano, Taira Ishihara, Kota Hashimoto, Naoya Nishi, Hiroshi Onishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

Enhancement of stratification of colloidal particles near a substrate induced

by addition of non-adsorbing polymers”,

Chemical Physics Letters, 734, 136705 (2019).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136705

 

[Column 1] 天野健一,

水和自由エネルギー計算の新展開: 積分方程式理論を駆使した高速かつ正確な方法,

(注目の論文: Review of Chemistry in 2019),

月刊 化学, 74 (10), 64-65 (2019).

寄稿文

 

[2020]

[37] Seiji Katakura, Naoya Nishi, Kazuya Kobayashi, Ken-ichi Amano, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“An electric double layer structure and differential capacitance at the electrode interface of tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide studied using a molecular dynamics simulation”,

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 22, 5198-5210 (2020).

DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05297f

 

[arXiv] Ken-ichi Amano,

 “Calculation of light transmittance in a film: Considerations of the coating geometry, the agent distribution, and its probability density distribution”,

 arXiv:2005.01293 [physics.chem-ph] (2020).

 

[38] Ken-ichi Amano, Ryosuke Sawazumi, Hiroshi Imamura, Tomonari Sumi, Kota Hashimoto, Kazuhiro Fukami, Haru Kitaoka, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

An Improved Model-potential-free Analysis of the Structure Factor Obtained from a Small-Angle Scattering: Acquisitions of the Pair Distribution Function and the Pair Potential”,

Chemistry Letters, 49, 1017-1021 (2020).

DOI:10.1246/cl.200292

*You can download the IMPF program here.

 

[39] Kota Hashimoto, Ken-ichi Amano, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

Calculation method of the number density distribution of liquid molecules or colloidal particles near a substrate from surface force apparatus measurement”,

Chemical Physics Letters, 754, 137666 (2020).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137666

*The related theoretical explanation (transformation from the force between the crossed cylinders into the pressure between flat surfaces) is written in arXiv:1507.06137 (2015).

*The related theoretical explanation (OZ-closure based inverse analysis method) is written in arXiv:1702.02720 (2017).

 

[40] Seiji Katakura, Ken-ichi Amano, Tetsuo Sakka, Wei Bu, Binhua Lin, Mark L. Schlossman, and Naoya Nishi,

Evolution and Reversible Polarity of Multilayering at the Ionic Liquid/Water Interface”,

Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 124, 6512-6419 (2020).

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03711

 

[Column 2] 天野健一,

 “研究室紹介:名城大学 農学部 生物物理化学研究室”、

日本化学会 コロイドおよび界面化学部会会誌“コロイドおよび界面化学部会ニュースレター” (C & I Commun), 45, 58-60 (2020).

*研究室紹介と私の最近の研究 (種々の逆計算、アラザン作り (微粒子ガストロノミーによるコロイド結晶の作成)、紫外線透過率の計算) の紹介をしました。

 

[41] Shota Inoguchi, Kazuhiro Fukami, Ken-ichi Amano, Atsushi Kitada, and Kuniaki Murase,

“Reactivity of Zinc Cations under Spontaneous Accumulation of Hydrophobic Coexisting Cations in Hydrophobic Nanoporous Silicon”,

ACS Omega, 5, 26894-26901 (2020).

DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04127

 

[2021]

[42] 天野健一,古川暁之,石井里奈,橋本康汰,西直哉,作花哲夫,

非加算性を取り入れた朝倉-大沢理論による基板近傍における粒子のコンタクト密度の考察”,

名城大学農学部学術報告,579-16, (2021).

Ken-ichi Amano, Satoshi Furukawa, Rina Ishii, Kota Hashimoto, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Consideration of contact densities of particles near a substrate by Asakura-Oosawa theory incorporating non-additivity”,

Scientific Reports of the Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 57, 9-16 (2021).

 

[43] Haru Kitaoka, Ken-ichi Amano, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Improvement of the Nelder-Mead method using direct inversion in iterative subspace”,

Optimization and Engineering, 23, 1033-1055 (2022).

Published online 24 March 2021なので、これまで 出版年を(2021)としていたが、最終的に2022年板に掲載されたようだ。という昔の名残から[2021]年の欄にこの業績を書いている。

DOI: 10.1007/s11081-021-09620-4

 

[44] Kota Hashimoto, Ken-ichi Amano, Naoya Nishi, Hiroshi Onishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Comparison of atomic force microscopy force curve and solvation structure studied by integral equation theory”

Journal of Chemical Physics, 154, 164702 (2021).

DOI: 10.1063/5.0046600

 

[45] 天野健一,鈴木理香子,須円香,岩城光宏,

光ピンセットのための理論的補正法:バルクや基板表面近傍におけるコロイド粒子間の平均力ポテンシャルの取得”,

名城大学総合学術研究論文集,20, 17-26 (2021).

Ken-ichi Amano, Rikako Suzuki, Madoka Takasu, and Mitsuhiro Iwaki,

“Theoretical correction methods for optical tweezers: Acquisition of potentials of mean forces between colloidal particles in a bulk and on a substrate surface”,

Journal of Research Institute of Meijo University, Meijo University, 20, 17-26 (2021).

*The related theoretical explanation is written in arXiv:2003.10722 [cond-mat.soft] (2020).

 

[2022]

[Front Cover] 天野健一,

 Inverse analysis theories for obtaining interactions and a density distribution in a colloidal dispersion system”、                                                               

日本化学会 コロイドおよび界面化学部会会誌“コロイドおよび界面化学部会ニュースレター” (C & I Commun), 47, (2022), (2022年春号01).

*コロイド関連の逆解析理論の概要図が雑誌の表紙を飾りました.

 

[46] 天野健一, 

光ピンセットを用いたコロイド粒子間の平均力ポテンシャル測定:複雑な溶液から由来する微弱な相互作用の理解に向けて”,

溶液化学研究会誌 (Journal of the Japan Association of Solution Chemistry), 1, 4449 (2022).

寄稿文

 

[Column 3] 天野健一,

これまで開発した逆解析理論の紹介:界面構造や界面誘起相互作用の研究”,

日本化学会 コロイドおよび界面化学部会会誌“コロイドおよび界面化学部会ニュースレター” (C & I Commun), 47, 56-59 (2022), (2022年冬号04).

寄稿文

 

[2023]

[Column 4] 天野健一,

原子間力顕微鏡による液体ガリウムと固体合金界面の原子スケール構造解析”,

(Division Topicsにて説明), 日本化学会誌 化学と工業, Vol. 76 (No. 2), 106 (2023).

https://www.chemistry.or.jp/journal/chemical-industry/vol76-no2.html

寄稿文

 

[Column 5] 天野健一, 二江隆之

温泉微粒子の評価・分類・魅力”,

日本温泉協会刊行物 温泉, 2023年春号, 911 (通巻896), 38-39.

https://www.spa.or.jp/books/

寄稿文

 

[arXiv] Ken-ichi Amano and Takumi Otake

 “Strategies for deliveries of anti-cancer drugs from perspectives of a measurement theory and an adsorption theory”,

 arXiv:2304.08194 [cond-mat.soft] (2023).

 

[47] Ken-ichi Amano, Satoshi Furukawa, Yuto Kubo, Yuka Nakamura, Rina Ishii, Ayane Tanase, Masahiro Maebayashi, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka,

“Non-additivities of the particle sizes hidden in model pair potentials and their effects on physical adsorptions”,

Langmuir, 39, 12999-13007 (2023).

DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00968

 

[48] Ken-ichi Amano, Kentaro Tozawa, Maho Tomita, Riko Takagi, Rieko Iwayasu, Hiroshi Nakano, Makoto Murata, Yousuke Abe, Toru Utsunomiya, Hiroyuki Sugimura, and Takashi Ichii,

“Interaction between substrate and probe in liquid metal Ga: Experimental and theoretical analysis”,

RSC Advances, 13, 30615-30624 (2023).

DOI: 10.1039/D3RA04459A

 

[2024]

[arXiv] Ikuma Ogasawara and Ken-ichi Amano

 “Strategy of a separation technique for different particles with the same size and zeta potential: Application of non-additive Asakura-Oosawa theory”,

 arXiv:2404.17117 [cond-mat.soft] (2024).

 

[49] Takumi Otake, Ryuki Kajita, Ikuma Ogasawara, Mitsuhiro Iwaki, Hiroshi Onishi, Akira Yoshimori,  Ken-ichi Amano,

“Theoretical investigation of interaction measurements in liquid systems with viscosity distributions”,

Physica A, **, ****-**** (2024). Accepted

DOI: *******************************